ANNEX A TO PART I International Politics in the Post-Second Impact Era by Dr Horaki Hikari First Year Undergraduate Lecture Synposis (2027) International Relations Department University of Tokyo-3 Introduction The past three decades have seen dramatic changes in the international landscape - a greatly enhanced United Nations, the relative decline of the twentieth century great powers and the rise of challengers to the old status quo, the nuclear destruction of an entire sub-continent, the marginalization of oil and the Middle East, the advent of the 'technology of God' - all have their roots in what is perhaps the most significant event in modern human history, that is, the Second Impact. Having narrowly avoided a Third Impact in 2015, the exposure of the 'Instrumentality Project' has only served to accelerate existing trends. Due to the active role in this conspiracy played by the major national governments, the very credibility of the nation-state as a form of governance has been severely weakened, even in liberal democracies. To the scholar of International Relations, these changes have serious implications that strike at the roots of the international system. How much independence can states retain? Will the United Nations become a world government, laying down the law to the members of the international community? What further technological innovations will alter the geopolitical balance of power? How will the old great powers cope with systemic change? These questions are of great importance not just because of their effect on high politics but how ordinary people live their lives. Just take yourselves as examples. Those interested in government and politics must consider which bodies - the prefectural assembly, the nation-state or the UN - will best serve your community and the general interest. Our budding bankers and financiers will take an active part in the changing economic balance among the nations of the world and closely watch the activities of the mighty mega-corporations that owe allegiance to no particular nation-state. Those joining the military have other options besides that of their national armed forces - the UN International Peacekeeping Force or the commercial direct action forces. Perhaps some of you will even decide to enter academia and be lecturing to students at this very podium a few years from now. During the next nine weeks, I will be covering the following areas: the various schools of thought in IR; sovereignty, nationalism and the state; diplomacy and war; international law; the First and Second Treaties of Valentine and the evolution of the United Nations; the mega-corporations as international actors; the international political economy and finally changes and continuities in the international system. It is my hope that this introductory course will, at the very least, broaden your horizons and maybe encourage you to take up further courses with this department. Karl Marx said that "The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways, the point, however, is to change it." You, all of you, hold the world and the future in your hands. With your heart in the right place and with effort and understanding, it is within your power to shape it. Thank you.
ANNEX A TO PART II International Politics in the Post-Second Impact Era by Dr Horaki Hikari First Year Undergraduate Lecture Synposis (2027) International Relations Department University of Tokyo-3 First and Second Treaties of Valentine and the Rise of the United Nations The Second Impact (13 Sep 2000) resulted in massive loss of life and destruction due mainly to the sudden rise in sea levels and the catasphrohic effect on climate. In its aftermath, there was widespread crop failure and disruption of the transportation of food and other necesities that modern industrial society had come to take for granted. The ensuing chaos tempted many states to resort to military force so as to ensure their own survival, as well as to settle old scores or to improve their relative position. Most notable were the outbreak of hostilities between India and Pakistan on 15 Sep 2000. It rapidly escalated into a full-blown nuclear conflagration that has left the South Asian sub-continent as a charred wasteland and reduced a major civilization into insignificance. The other was the annihilation of Tokyo by the new Non-Nuclear (N2) device on 20 Sep 2000. Japan, after the horrors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was the first country in the world to be at the receiving end of another technological leap in destructive power. Since documents and witness accounts relating to these events are extremely sparse, it is still contentious as to who started it or who was at fault. What was certain that a continued zero-sum struggle among the nation-states of the world would result in further calamities. As such, the First Treaty of Valentine was signed at the United Nations in New York on 14 Feb 2001. Its most significant provisions centralized the military resources of the world under the direction of the Security Council and organized by the previously neglected Military Staff Committee. Economic disputes were referred to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and legal disputes subject to the mandatory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Though hailed as a step towards international, if not world, government, in retrospect, it was really a victory for the Great Powers. Particularly the permanent members of the Security Council (USA, Russia, UK, France and China) who would dominate all the important organs of the UN. Japan was compensated by an agreement to shift the headquarters of the United Nations to Tokyo-2 in 2007. Germany was bought off with increased control over a more closely integrated European Union. As the Eva Conspiracy was to show, the fate of the world was decided amongst a select elite amongst the Great Powers. In the wake of the revelations of the Eva conspiracy, public confidence in their governments collapsed. In the leading countries, a handful of men had agreed to man's evolution into a single perfect being through a Third Impact. Though the UN had played a major role in the cover up behind the Second Impact in its 2002 report (which stated that it was the result of a meteorite collision), that was seen to be due to its lack of independence and resources - a result of Great Power manipulation. The world looked to a new saviour, a more rational form of government - the new United Nations that was born on 14 Feb 2016. Many of the reforms of the First Valentine Treaty were retained but efforts were directed to break the monopoly of control by the Great Powers. The Security Council was 'rationalized' as the British and French permanent seats were merged into a European Union permanent seat. The veto was modified into a 'half-veto', requiring the 'nay' votes of at least two of the permanent members before a resolution would fail. The Japanese gained a permanent seat at long last. The developing world was represented by Brazil, Nigeria, South Africa and Indonesia. The practical reality of India's almost total destruction prevented it from becoming a permanent member as well. The decline of the Middle East due mainly to the petroleum substitute developed by the Quetzalcoatl Corporation will be discussed in the mega-corp/transnationalism lecture. The United Nations was given greater independence and legitimacy through a creation of a directly elected Representative Assembly which could check the inter-governmental organs. The Secretariat was given executive powers and made responsible to both the Security Council and the Representative Assembly. A UN International Peacekeeping Force was created. Its buildup is causing controversy today as states try to minimize its effectiveness and thus claw back power from the UN. However the UN's real teeth lies in its command over HERZ (previously NERV) and its force of six Evangelions. No force can defeat Eva in the field but Eva alone cannot occupy a country. This was the logic of a compromise over control of HERZ which remains a truly autonomous UN agency. It is no longer above the law as it was during the Angel emergency period. In conclusion, the First and Second Treaties represent important advances on the road to an international government. But my own position is that it is an 'incomplete' revolution. The UN still lacks the preponderance of force and power to overawe the states and that represents serious potential for future conflict. END OF PART II
ANNEX A TO PART V International Politics in the Post-Second Impact Era by Dr Horaki Hikari First Year Undergraduate Lecture Synposis (2027) International Relations Department University of Tokyo-3 Schools of Thought in International Relations International political theory is extremely diverse and complex. For the purposes of a rough overview, I will introduce a few 'schools' that I regard as being particularly significant. STATISM. Their intellectual forefathers are Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. It was the dominant mode of thought in the 20th C and continues to dominate the thinking of the governments of the Great Powers. The nation-state is regarded as the supreme form of political community, demanding the unquestioned loyalty and devotion of its citizens. It recognizes no authority over itself and jealously guards its sovereignty and independence from enroachment. But how does an abstract entity have moral precedence over a real flesh-and-blood individual? Is the basic building block of the international system the human being or an creature of the human imagination? SUPRANATIONALISM. Their philosopher is Thomas Hobbes. An overarching world government to impose order on the anarchical relations of the nation-states. Emphasizing order, discipline, obedience and conformity, they see a single world-state as the solution to achieve lasting peace and stability. The modern United Nations is seen as an embryonic Leviathan in this mold. I would ask: What constitutes a just peace? Is there room for moral change? Will such power corrupt and bring about a world tyranny? TRANSCENDENTALISM. Christ and Marx find themselves in good company. The latter is a more limited transcendentalist. The Communist Utopia is the end of history and the end of politics. The pinnacle of human achievement. All the questions of want and war are resolved. Politics is merely something to be endured on the road to the worker's paradise. The former promises a world beyond this one. Politics is irrelevant except for where it might affect the immortal soul. Yet from this tradition we have derived the most worldly of doctrines: the separation of church and state, the theory of the just war, the basic equality of man. The transcendentalists seek an escape from this world. What is the value of the world as it is to them? TRANSNATIONALISM. The principle thinker of this school is Immanuel Kant. The wider community of cosmopolitan man comes about. The nation-state is no longer able to provide adequately for the security and welfare of its denizens. The world citizen sees a responsibility to his fellow human being beyond that of nationality, race, creed, language or culture. The international organization, the functional agency and the multi-national company are its vanguard, the nation- state is merely one actor amongst many in providing for human needs. A harmony of interest is created amidst enlightened self-interest and thus it is hoped that perpetual peace will reign. Do be cautious about labelling the work of authors and scholars. Mental categories are convenient starting points for those grappling with them as tools of analysis but one should strive to be aware of their subtleties. An ordinary mind separates out white and black. Going further, the keen mind appreciates the grey. END OF PART V
International Politics in the Post-Second Impact Era by Dr Horaki Hikari First Year Undergraduate Lecture Synposis (2027) International Relations Department University of Tokyo-3 Beyond the State: the Mega-Corporations Nation-states have traditionally been the focus of International Relations. High politics, diplomacy, trade agreements, treaties and war are all features of inter-state interaction. However, in the wake of the Second Impact, the international institution has come to the foreground as an actor in international relations that equals and may some day even exceed the nation-state. In today's lecture, I wish to consider another actor that has much promise in challenging the primacy of the nation-state in the international arena. The mega-corporation is by no means a new phenomenon. In the 17th Century, the bankers of Italy decided which kings could finance wars or buy titles. In the 19th Century, the House of Rothschild were the bankers of the powers of the Congress of Vienna. They had such an excellent system of information gathering and transmission that the Rothschild brother based in London was the first person in England to know of Nelson's victory at Tragflagar. In the 20th Century, we saw of the House of Morgan that had more funds that half of the countries in the world then. The Rockfeller empire of Standard Oil, even after being broken up, continued to dominate the oil industry. General Motors employed more people than the populations of several small countries put together. But in the 21st Century, the mega-corporation can be distinguished from the old multinational corporation. They have the potential to be truly transational. (See forthcoming academic paper to be published by H.Horaki, Global Cities and Transnational Cosmopolitanism.) Another salient point is that mega-corporations have actively should to change the way the world works instead of simply working within the existing system. Employing their vast resources and technological prowess, they have nudged the nation-states in the direction of a different world. A classic example was the Quetzalcoatl Corporation which is based in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Their most notable achievement was to develop a hydrocarbon fuel subsitute for petroleum. They had developed a fuel from a mix of biomass and refuse that could be produced cheaply in the tropical regions of the world. In addition, it was a sustainable form of energy and its production reduced greenhouse gas emissions as well as actually absorbing carbon oxides from the atmosphere in the process. Against tremendous resistance from the automobile industry and the oil majors, Quetzalcoatl manage to lobby for stricter environment laws and emission standards which in turn resulted in consumer acceptance of the new fuel and its accompanying implications for the old internal combustion engine. The resulting drastic fall in the demand for oil has seen the decline of much of the Middle East that failed to diversify from oil. Oil producers like Venezuela and Nigeria now have possess both biomass and petroleum production facilities. In the world of services and information, the Hathor News Organization has become an important force in international media, providing news and entertainment throughout the globe through digital, satelite and internet links - which Microsoft had planned to do before being broken up by the anti-trust authorities in 2000. Hathor's ability to reach a worldwide audience 24 hours a day was pivotal to its major coup of exposing the Eva conspiracy and Instrumentality Project to the people of the world in 2015. Its transnational character has made it relatively independent of national censorship. Before concluding, another important development is the 'Ted Turner' effect. In 1998, the media mogul donated US $1 billion to the United Nations over a period of 10 years. Contributions by the mega-corps to the UN has now become a regular event. Being no longer hostage to the disruptive antics of non-payment by the great powers, this has helped the UN make good on the promise of the Second Treaty of Valentine, for more effective and just international government. END OF PART VI
ANNEX A TO PART VII Dr Horaki Hikari's personal notes: CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS Chapter I Article 2(4) All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. Article 2(7) Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII. Chapter VII Article 39 The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security. Article 48(1) The action required to carry out the decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of intenrational peace and security shall be taken by all members of the United Nations or by some of them, as the Security Council may determine. Article 48(2) Such decisions shall be carried out by the Members of the United Nations directly and through their action in the appropriate international agencies of which they are members. The Emergency Clauses of the Second Treaty of Valentine were written to empower the United Nations International Peace- keeping Force (UNIPF) to be granted the powers vested in the Security Council. Given the complicity of most of the Great Powers in the Eva Conspiracy, it only seemed the logical thing to do. However, a body independent of the member-states with the authority and resources to carry out enforcement measures has grave implications for the traditional system of state sovereignty - which might not be such a bad thing. END OF PART VII